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Cessna T-37A Tweet
Twin-jet two-seat cantilevered low-wing training monoplane, U.S.A.
Archive Photos 1
Cessna T-37A "Tweet" (AF 57-2259) c.2002 at the Hill Aerospace Museum, Hill AFB, Roy, UT (Photos by John Shupek)
Cessna T-37 Series Overview 2
The Cessna T-37 Tweet (designated Model 318 by Cessna) is a small, economical Twin-engine jet trainer-attack type aircraft which flew for decades as a primary trainer for the United States Air Force (USAF) and in the air forces of several other nations. The Cessna A-37 Dragonfly variant served in the light attack role during the Vietnam War and continues to serve in the air forces of several South American nations.
The Cessna T-37 served as the U.S. Air Force’s primary pilot training vehicle for over 52 years after its first flight. After completing Primary in the Tweet, students moved on to other advanced Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps or Allied trainers. With a total of 1,269 Cessna T-37s built, the USAF retired its last Cessna T-37 in 2009.
Development 2
Origins
The Cessna Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas provided the United States Army during World War II and the Korean War with utility, light transport, and observation aircraft, particularly the Cessna "O-1 Bird Dog" series.
In the spring of 1952, the United States Air Force (USAF) issued a request for proposals for a "Trainer Experimental (TX)" program, specifying a lightweight two-seat basic trainer for introducing USAF cadets to jet aircraft.
Cessna responded to the TX request with a twin-jet design with side-by-side seating. The USAF liked the Cessna design, which was given the company designation "Model 318", and the side-by-side seating since it let the student and instructor interact more closely than with tandem seating. In the spring of 1954, the USAF awarded Cessna a contract for three prototypes of the Model 318, and a contract for a single static test aircraft. The Air Force designated the type as Cessna XT-37.
The Cessna XT-37 had a low straight wing, with the engines buried in the wing roots, a clamshell-type canopy hinged to open vertically to the rear, a control layout similar to that of contemporary operational USAF aircraft, ejection seats, and tricycle landing gear with a wide track of 14 ft (4.3 m). It first flew on 12 October 1954.
The wide track and a steerable nosewheel made the aircraft easy to handle on the ground, and the short landing gear avoided the need for access ladders and service stands. The aircraft was designed to be simple to maintain, with more than 100 access panels and doors. An experienced ground crew could change an engine in about half an hour.
The Cessna XT-37 was aerodynamically clean, so much so that a speedbrake was fitted behind the nosewheel doors to help increase drag for landing and for use in other phases of flight. Since the short landing gear placed the engine air intakes close to the ground, screens pivoted over the intakes from underneath when the landing gear was extended, to prevent foreign object damage.
The Cessna XT-37 was fitted with two Continental-Teledyne J69-T-9 turbojet engines, French Turbomeca Marboré engines built under license, with 920 lbf (4.1 kN) thrust each. The engines had thrust attenuators to allow them to remain spooled-up (i.e. rotating at speeds above idle) during landing approach, permitting shorter landings while still allowing the aircraft to easily make another go-around in case something went wrong. Empty weight of the Cessna XT-37 was 5,000 lb (2,300 kg).
Tests showed the Cessna XT-37 had a maximum speed of 390 mph (630 km/h) at altitude, with a range of 935 mi (1,505 km). The aircraft had a service ceiling of 35,000 feet (10,700 m) but was unpressurized so was limited to an operational ceiling of 25,000 feet (7,600 m) by USAF regulations.
The initial prototype crashed during spin tests. Later prototypes had new features to improve handling, including long strakes along the nose, and an extensively redesigned and enlarged tail. After these modifications, the USAF found the aircraft acceptable to their needs, and ordered it into production as the Cessna T-37A. Production aircraft remained tricky in recovering from a spin; the recovery procedure was complex compared with most aircraft.
Production
The production Cessna T-37A was similar to the Cessna XT-37 prototypes, except for minor changes to fix problems revealed by the flight test program. The first Cessna T-37A was completed in September 1955 and flew later that year. The Cessna T-37A was very noisy, even by the standards of jet aircraft. The intake of air into its small turbojets emitted a high-pitched shriek that led some to describe the trainer as a "Screaming Mimi", and it was referred to as the "6,000 pound dog whistle" or "Converter" (converts fuel and air into noise and smoke). The piercing whistle quickly gave the T-37 its name: "Tweety Bird", or just "Tweet". The Air Force spent a lot of time and money soundproofing buildings at bases where the T-37 was stationed, and ear protection remains mandatory for all personnel when near an operating aircraft.
The Air Force ordered 444 Cessna T-37As, with the last produced in 1959. In 1957, the US Army evaluated three Cessna T-37As for battlefield observation and other combat support roles, but eventually procured the Grumman OV-1 Mohawk instead.
The Air Force liked the Cessna T-37A, but considered it to be underpowered; consequently, they ordered an improved version, the T-37B, with uprated J-69-T-25 engines. The new engines provided about 10% more thrust and were more reliable. Improved avionics were also specified for the new variant.
A total of 552 newly built Cessna T-37Bs were constructed through 1973. All surviving Cessna T-37As were eventually upgraded to the T-37B standard as well.
Due to a series of accidents caused by bird strikes between 1965 and 1970, all Cessna T-37s were later retrofitted with a new windshield made of Lexan polycarbonate plastic 0.5 in (12.7 mm) thick, which could tolerate the impact of a 4 lb (1.8 kg) bird at a relative speed of 288 mph (463 km/h).
In 1962, Cessna suggested the Cessna T-37B as a replacement for the North American F-100 Super Sabre as the primary aircraft for the USAF aerobatic demonstration team, the Thunderbirds, but the USAF was satisfied with the F-100 Super Sabre.
The Cessna T-37As and Cessna T-37Bs had no built-in armament and no stores pylons for external armament. In 1961, Cessna began developing a modest enhancement of the Cessna T-37 for use as a weapons trainer. The new variant, the Cessna T-37C, was intended for export and could be used for light attack duties if required.
The prototype Cessna T-37C was a modified Cessna T-37B. The primary changes included stronger wings, with a stores pylon under each wing outboard of the main landing gear well. The Cessna T-37C could also be fitted with wingtip fuel tanks, each with a capacity of 65 US gal (245 l), that could be dropped in an emergency.
A computing gunsight and gun camera were added. The Cessna T-37C could also be fitted with a reconnaissance camera mounted inside the fuselage. The primary armament of the Cessna T-37C was the General Electric "multi-purpose pod" with a .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine gun with 200 rounds, two 70 mm (2.75 in) folding-fin rockets, and four practice bombs. Other stores, such as folding-fin rocket pods or Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, could be carried.
The changes increased the weight of the Cessna T-37C by 1,430 lb (650 kg). As the engines were not upgraded, this reduced top speed to 595 km/h (370 mph), though the wingtip tanks increased maximum range to 1,770 km (1,100 mi).
Cessna T-37 production ended in 1975. The list of exports above amounts to 273 Cessna T-37Cs. Adding this to the 444 Cessna T-37As and 552 Cessna T-37Bs gives a total of 1,269 aircraft built.
Concept Aircraft
Cessna proposed a number of innovative variants of the Tweet that never went into production. In 1959, Cessna built a prototype of a light jet transport version of the Cessna T-37, designated the Cessna Model 407, which was stretched 2 ft (61 cm) to accommodate a four-place pressurized cockpit with an automobile-type configuration. Only a wooden mockup of the "Model 407" was constructed. The project was canceled due to insufficient customer interest.
The company also proposed a similar four-place military light transport, the "Model 405", with a big clamshell canopy, but it was never built.
In response to a United States Navy "Tandem Navy Trainer" (TNT) requirement, Cessna proposed a Cessna T-37 with a modified fuselage featuring a tandem cockpit. The Navy selected the North American T-2 Buckeye instead.
Cessna proposed various other trainer derivatives for the US Navy and Air Force, including a vertical takeoff version based on the TNT configuration and incorporating lift-jet pods in the wings, but none of them reached the prototype stage.
Operational History 2
The Cessna T-37A was delivered to the U.S. Air Force beginning in June 1956. The USAF began cadet training in the Cessna T-37A during 1957. The first Cessna T-37B was delivered in 1959. Instructors and students considered the Cessna T-37A a pleasant aircraft to fly. It handled well and was agile and responsive, though it was definitely not overpowered. It was capable of all traditional aerobatic maneuvers. Students intentionally placed the aircraft into a spin as part of their pilot training.
The Air Force made several attempts to replace the Cessna T-37 (including the Fairchild T-46), but it remained in service with the USAF until it was phased out in favor of the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II between 2001 and 2009. The Beechcraft T-6 is a turboprop aircraft with more power, better fuel efficiency and more modern avionics than the Tweet.
The final USAF student training sortie by a Cessna T-37B aircraft in the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) took place on 17 June 2009. The last USAF operator of the Cessna T-37B, the 80th Flying Training Wing, flew the sortie from its home station at Sheppard AFB, Texas. The last Cessna T-37B was officially retired from active USAF service on 31 July 2009.
Variants 2
Operators 2
Former Operators
Cessna T-37s, including both new-build and ex-USAF aircraft, were supplied to a number of countries, including:
Cessna Model 318 (T-37A) Specifications 2
Type
Wings
Fuselage
Tail Unit
Landing Gear
Power Plant
Accommodation
Dimensions
Weights
Performance
References